Münze, Großbritannien, Elizabeth II

• Queen of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms: 1952–2022
• Dynasty: House of Windsor
• Predecessor: George VI
• Successor : Charles III
• Regime: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was born in London in April 1926. She married Philip Mountbatten in 1947 and acceded to the throne in 1952 upon the death of George VI. She was 25 years old when she became queen and reigned over the 15 Commonwealth realms. Among others, these include the United Kingdom (of course), Canada, New Zealand, the Bahamas, and Jamaica.

Her coronation at Westminster in 1953 was the first ever to be broadcast on television. She celebrated her Diamond Jubilee (60 years on the throne) in 2012. In 2015, she broke the record for longevity of reign previously held by her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria. A great many coins and a great many banknotes featuring the effigy of the Queen were issued by the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms during her reign.

She passed away in September 2022, having celebrated her Platinum Jubilee (70 years on the throne) just a few months earlier. Her eldest son then acceded to the throne as Charles III.

Picture: Official portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, unknown photographer (1959) - Library and Archives Canada (CC)

Cupronickel (or copper-nickel), also known by the French registered term cuivre blanc (white copper), is an alloy far less modern then one might initially think. Appearances can be misleading! There are examples dating from the Warring States period in China between the 5th and 3rd century BC. Back then, it was used for weapons. In its natural state, the alloy was probably of extraterrestrial origin, arriving on Earth with falling meteorites.

As the Chinese traded with the neighboring Bactrian kingdom, it is there that the first traces of cupronickel coins are found.

Jumping ahead a few millennia and some meteor dust, it first appeared in the West in the US in 1857.

With the price of copper at its highest ever, cupronickel was chosen for the new one cent coin. The alloy at the time contained 88% copper to 12% nickel, and the coin was smaller in diameter than its predecessor (there are no small savings, right?).

Cupronickel is now extremely popular and frequently used for coinage.

Dark gray in color, this alloy, generally comprising around 75% copper to 25% nickel, is highly resistant to corrosion.

As in numismatics, it is important that the state of conservation of an item be carefully evaluated before it is offered to a discerning collector with a keen eye.

This initially obscure acronym comprising two words describing the state of conservation is explained clearly here:

About Uncirculated(55-58)

This means – more prosaically – that the coin has been in circulation but sufficiently little that its original beauty is preserved almost in its entirety. The wear is barely visible and any other defect can only be identified with a magnifying glass or a particularly keen eye. The number (55-58) indicates that between three quarters and almost all of the original luster remains.

• Geographical location: Western Europe
• Current political regime: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Current capital: London

Brief history

In fact, nowadays, Great Britain is the name of the island constituting the majority of the United Kingdom, which is why it would be more correct to refer here to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (long version). And it was a long time before the kingdom became that (united). Even in antiquity, the island of Britain was already split in two by Hadrian’s Wall. The North was home to the Picts and the South to the Britons.

The island was invaded numerous times over the course of the first few centuries AD – invasions which contributed to its population. Angles, Vikings, Saxons, and William the Conqueror’s Normans, who finally conquered the land in 1066.

As such, the unification was a long road paved with wars, spars, inheritances, and royal intrigues. It began with the victory of Edward I over the last Welsh prince Llywelyn in 1282. The country of Wales was fully integrated into the Kingdom of England in 1536.

As far as Scotland is concerned, James VI of Scotland (crowned in 1567) subsequently became James I of England and Ireland (crowned in 1603), making him the first sovereign to wear both crowns de facto. Logically, he thus proclaimed himself “King of Great Britain, France and Ireland”.

Remember, for all intents and purposes, that since Edward III and the Hundred Years War, the mention of France in the title is entirely symbolic and does not indicate any potential French possessions.

Great Britain launched its revolution well before the rest of the world, in the 17th century. The first revolution had Oliver Cromwell as its standard-bearer. He became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

In 1661, the monarchy took up the reins again, but things wouldn’t stay the same for long. Following the Glorious Revolution and voting on the Bill of Rights in 1689, the King or Queen of England (subsequently the United Kingdom) no longer held more than limited powers, notably advising and appointing the prime minister from the members of the majority party.

In 1707, the Act of Union triggered the merging of the English and Scottish parliaments for a single kingdom: Great Britain. In 1801, it was the Irish crown’s turn to merge with the British crown. And thus was born the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. However, religious dissension in Ireland led to the separation of Southern Ireland in 1922. Consequently, the country’s name was changed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The United Kingdom was one of the first countries to become industrialized, one of the first to issue paper money, and one of the first to utilize the railroad. It established its wealth notably through the slave trade and its colonial expansion. It must also be noted that it was the first country to prohibit the slave trade with the Slave Trade Act of 1807.

In the 19th century, the British Empire (in other words the United Kingdom and all its colonial entities) established itself as the foremost global power. Its territory at that time covered around one third of the globe, and it was described as “the empire on which the sun never sets”.

In the 20th century, the United States snatched first place from the United Kingdom in the ranking of global superpowers in the aftermath of World War I. At the end of the 1950s, the United Kingdom also saw decolonization diminish its power on the global scene. The Thatcher years (1979-1990) were a period of extensive privatization and a decrease in industrialization.

Having joined the EEC (European Economic Community) in 1973, the United Kingdom finally left the European Union through Brexit at the end of 2020.

Currency

The pound sterling has been in circulation in England since the 11th century, making it one of the oldest currencies still in use today. The term sterling may derive from the Norman word steorra, meaning star, although other etymologies have also been proposed. It has been symbolized by the £ sign since the 18th century.

It should be noted that while the pound sterling itself has not changed, its subdivisions have. The British did not switch to the decimal system until 1971, and the pound has been worth a round 100 pence since.

Although the pound has the same name in all British territories, one would be amiss to think that it can be used everywhere. If de facto, it is issued by Bank of England, it is accepted everywhere, but this is not the case for the Scottish or Northern Irish pound. There are also versions for Jersey (Jersey pound), Guernsey (Guernsey pound), and the Isle of Man (Manx pound)...

Great inventions

Among other things, the British invented the reflecting telescope (Isaac Newton, 1668), the toothbrush (William Addis, 1770), the crossword (Arthur Wynne, 1913), the postage stamp (Rowland Hill and James Chalmers, 1840), the corkscrew (Samuel Henshall, 1795), the vacuum flask (James Dewar, 1892), the World Wide Web (Timothy John Berners-Lee, 1989), and even the electric vacuum cleaner (Hubert Cecil Booth, 1901).

Painting: "View of the Stocks Market London" by Joseph Nickolls (before 1738)